Joomla multilingual website without 3rd party extensions

With Joomla 2.5 and 3.x it's relatively easy set up a multilingual website without using 3rd extensions... in 10 steps!

1. Install Language Pack
   • To translate Joomla's system labels like "Read more..." in different languages
2. Define Content Languages
   • Add languages that can be assigned to content (categories, articles, menu items, modules, etc)
3. Enable & Configure "System - Language Filter" plugin
   • Add language code to URL, enable "Menu Item Association" (see 8.)
4. Create Root Category for every Language
   • For easier maintenance it's better to group all categories for a language under a "Language Root Category"
5. Create Articles
   • Assign the right Category + Language to each article
6. Create Menus (every Language own Menu)
   • Create a Menu for each language
7. Create Menu Items & Menu Item Association
   • Create Menu Items, set a default homepage per language, group similar menu items from different languages
8. Create Menu Modules (every Language own Menu Module)
   • Create a Menu Module per language and assign to that language's Menu
9. Create Language Switcher Module
   • Create this Module to display the language icons that can be selected to select one of the languages
10. Redirect old incoming links
    • A tip for collecting huge amounts of old URLs, 
      and creating redirects to the new URLs using:
      • A sitemap component (Xmap)
      • A browser (to display the HTML source)
      • A spreadsheet (Excel / OpenOffice Calc)
      • and .htaccess

Presentation given at:

• October 4th 2014 - Joomladay UK 2014, Ascot, United Kingdom
  Joomla 3.x multilingual website without 3rd party extensions:
  http://www.slideshare.net/pe7er/joomla-multilanguage-website-without-3rd-party-extensions-joomladay-uk-2014
  
  

• August 17th  2012 - Joomladay Cape Town  2012, Cape Town, South Africa
  Duo presentation together with Matthew Philogene who presented the 3rd party multilingual content manager Josetta.
  For Joomla 2.5: http://www.scribd.com/doc/103234410/How-to-set-up-a-multilanguage-website-in-10-steps-Ideas-Setups-and-Tips

• March 5th 2012 - Joomla User Group Den Bosch, Netherlands
  Joomla 2.5 multilanguage without using 3rd party extensions
  
  
• February 25th 2012 - Joomladay Thailand 2012, Bangkok, Thailand
  For Joomla 2.5: http://www.scribd.com/doc/82768844/Joomla-2-5-multi-language-website-without-using-3rd-extensions-in-10-steps
  
  
• August 12th 2011 - Joomladay Norway, Drammen, Norway
  For Joomla 1.7: http://www.scribd.com/doc/62212848/Joomla-1-7-MultiLanguage-Site-in-10-Steps-without-3rd-party-extensions